AI / LLM · Last reviewed
AI and large language model use
CJES welcomes the transparent use of AI tools in research and writing, but requires human accountability for all published content. AI is never an author.
AI is not an author
AI tools (ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, GitHub Copilot, etc.) cannot be listed as authors. Authorship requires accountability that AI systems cannot bear. Human authors retain full scientific and legal responsibility for AI-assisted text, figures, code, or analyses.
Disclosure requirement
Any non-trivial use of AI (beyond standard grammar/spell-check) must be disclosed in the Methods or Acknowledgements section, naming: the tool, the version, and the nature of use (e.g., "ChatGPT-4 was used to refine the language of the Methods section; all factual content was verified by the authors").
What is not allowed
The following are grounds for rejection or post-publication retraction:
- Fabricated or hallucinated references generated by AI
- AI-generated images or figures presented as real data without disclosure
- AI-generated results or analyses not verified by the authors
- Presenting AI-generated text as original human work
Editor and reviewer AI use
Editors and reviewers must not paste unpublished manuscript text into public AI tools (such as ChatGPT). This breaches confidentiality and may expose unpublished work. Local, privacy-preserving AI assistants may be used at editorial discretion.
References and standards
Questions about this policy?
Contact the editorial office at cjes.dsrmoeys@gmail.com